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ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil Advance Access originally published online on August 13, 2009
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 2010 67(1):10-18; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp217
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© 2009 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Oxford Journals. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Variability in the density and sound-speed of coastal zooplankton and nekton

Krissy A. Forman and Joseph D. Warren

School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA

Correspondence to J. D. Warren: tel: +1 631 632 5045; fax: +1 631 632 5070; e-mail: joe.warren{at}stonybrook.edu

Forman, K. A., and Warren, J. D. 2010. Variability in the density and sound-speed of coastal zooplankton and nekton. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 10–18.

Acoustic sampling techniques provide an advantage over traditional net-sampling by increasing scientist ability to survey a large area in a relatively short period, as well as providing higher-resolution data in the vertical and horizontal dimensions. To convert acoustic data into measures of biological organisms, physics-based scattering models are often used. Such models use several parameters to predict the amount of sound scattered by a fluid-like or weakly scattering animal. Two important input parameters are the density (g) and sound-speed (h) contrasts of the animal and the surrounding seawater. The density and sound-speed contrasts were measured for coastal zooplankton and nekton species including shrimps (Palaemonetes pugio and Crangon septemspinosa), fish (Fundulus majalis and Fundulus heteroclitus), and polychaetes (Nereis succinea and Glycera americana) along with multiple physiological and environmental variables. Factors such as animal size, feeding status, fecundity, gender, and maturity caused variations in g. The variations in g observed for these animals could lead to large differences (or uncertainties) in abundance estimates based on acoustic scattering models and field-collected backscatter data. It may be important to use a range of values for g and h in the acoustic scattering models used to convert acoustic data into estimates of the abundance of marine organisms.

Keywords: acoustic scattering, density contrast, material properties, sound-speed contrast

Received 23 December 2008; accepted 4 July 2009; advance access publication 13 August 2009.


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