ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil Advance Access originally published online on January 12, 2009
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 2009 66(2):289-304; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn210
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© United States Government, National Marine Fisheries Service 2009
The recruitment of Atlantic salmon in Europe
1 National Marine Fisheries Service, 28 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
2 Fisheries Research Services, Freshwater Laboratory, Field Station, Inchbraoch House, South Quay, Ferryden, Montrose DD10 9SL, Scotland, UK
3 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
4 Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
5 Swedish Board of Fisheries, Brobacken, SE-814 94 Älvkarleby, Sweden
6 Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, PO Box 5667, St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5X1
7 The Marine Institute, Newport, County Mayo, Ireland
Correspondence to K. D. Friedland: tel: +1 401 7823236; fax: +1 401 7823201; e-mail: kevin.friedland{at}noaa.gov
Friedland, K. D., MacLean, J. C., Hansen, L. P., Peyronnet, A. J., Karlsson, L., Reddin, D. G., Ó Maoiléidigh, N., and McCarthy, J. L. 2009. The recruitment of Atlantic salmon in Europe. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 289–304.The stock complex of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Europe has experienced a multidecadal decline in recruitment, resulting in the lowest stock abundances observed since 1970. Here, physical forcing, biological interactions, and the resultant growth response of post-smolt salmon are examined with a view to understanding the mechanism controlling recruitment. Sea surface temperature (SST) has increased in the Northeast Atlantic, with the pattern and seasonal change in SST negatively correlated with post-smolt survival during summer and in a region that spatially matches the post-smolt nursery. Constituents of the pelagic foodweb, including potential post-smolt food and plankton that may affect post-smolt forage, have changed on a decadal scale and correlate with salmon survival. Retrospective growth analyses of eight stock/sea age components show that post-smolt growth during summer is positively correlated with salmon survival and recruitment. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation appears to be a more closely aligned climate forcing index than the North Atlantic Oscillation with respect to salmon recruitment. European Atlantic salmon recruitment appears to be governed by factors that affect the growth of post-smolts during their first summer at sea, including SST and forage abundances; growth appears to mediate survival by the functional relationship between post-smolts and their predators.
Keywords: Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Atlantic salmon, ocean climate, recruitment
Received 28 May 2008; accepted 26 November 2008; advance access publication 12 January 2009.
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