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ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil Advance Access originally published online on March 7, 2008
ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 2008 65(5):811-815; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn026
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© 2008 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Oxford Journals. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Management options for vessel hull fouling: an overview of risks posed by in-water cleaning

Grant A. Hopkins and Barrie M. Forrest

Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand

Correspondence to G. A. Hopkins: tel: +64 3 5482319; fax: +64 3 5469464; e-mail: grant.hopkins{at}cawthron.org.nz

Hopkins, G. A., and Forrest, B. M. 2008. Management options for vessel hull fouling: an overview of risks posed by in-water cleaning. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 811–815.

Hull fouling has been identified as an important pathway for the spread of non-indigenous marine species. However, the management of associated biosecurity risks has proven challenging. Left unmanaged, a fouled vessel can pose a biosecurity risk through the detachment and dispersal of viable material, and through spawning by adult taxa upon arrival in a recipient port or region. These risks can be managed effectively through the removal of the vessel to land for defouling (e.g. dry-docking). However, alternative methods are needed for small (e.g. recreational) vessels, as well as for large vessels fouled outside their dry-docking schedule. Among the various treatment options, in-water cleaning is relatively common, although some countries have placed restrictions on this method because of perceived biosecurity risks. Here, we present a conceptual framework that identifies risks posed by in-water cleaning compared with alternatives, including no management. Decisions on the appropriate management option will be influenced by many factors, including the species present, the level of fouling, and the time a vessel spends in a recipient region. It is important that any regulatory changes regarding in-water defouling be supported by relevant research that quantifies the risks associated with the various management options.

Keywords: hull fouling risk, in-water cleaning, marine bioinvasion, rotating brushes, vector management

Received 21 June 2007; accepted 15 January 2008; advance access publication 7 March 2008.


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