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ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 2006 63(6):995-1004; doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.04.007
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© 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

Life history of a short-lived squid (Sepioteuthis australis): resource allocation as a function of size, growth, maturation, and hatching season

Gretta T. Pecla,b,* and Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyja,c

a School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
b Marine Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute and University of Tasmania Private Bag 49, Tasmania 7001, Australia
c School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia

*Correspondence to G. T. Pecl: Marine Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute and University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Tasmania 7001, Australia; tel: +61 3 62277277; fax: +61 3 62278035. e-mail: gretta.pecl{at}utas.edu.au.

Many cephalopods continue growing while laying multiple egg batches over the adult life, with repro-somatic allocation continuing beyond attainment of reproductive maturity. Many species show extreme individual variation in reproductive investment. Factors driving this variation in adult Sepioteuthis australis were evaluated by examining allocation of energy to somatic and reproductive growth as a function of body shape, growth rate, maturation, and hatching season. Hatching season influence was sex-specific; males hatched in warmer months had greater reproductive investment, faster growth, and better somatic and reproductive condition, whereas females hatched in spring and summer had less reproductive investment. Seasonal impacts on life history resulted in an "alternation of generations", with slow-growing squid in poor condition and with high levels of reproductive investment producing a generation with completely different life-history characteristics. This suggests that abiotic and biotic conditions that change seasonally could play a large role in determining energy allocated to reproduction. However, this was not driving trade-offs between size and number of offspring. Life-history trade-offs should be detectable as negative correlations between relevant traits. However, in Sepioteuthis australis there was little evidence of trade-offs between reproduction and growth or condition of individuals, suggesting a "live for today" lifestyle.

Keywords: energy allocation, life-history trade-offs, multiple spawning, phenotypic variation, somatic condition

Received 9 November 2005; accepted 15 April 2006.


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