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ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 2004 61(4):617-631; doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.03.028
© 2004 by ICES/CIEM International Council for the Exploration of the Sea/Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer
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Lagrangian modelling studies of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) swarm formation

Eileen E Hofmanna,*, A.G.Edward Haskellb, John M Klincka and Cathy M Lascarac

a Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Crittenton Hall, Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
b Research Systems, Inc. 4990 Pearl East Circle, Boulder CO 80301, USA
c 192 Ballard Court, Suite 300, Virginia Beach, VA 23462, USA

*Correspondence to Eileen E. Hofmann: tel: +1 757 683 5334; +1 757 683 5550. e-mail: hofmann{at}ccpo.odu.edu.

A two-dimensional Lagrangian particle model was developed to examine the spatial distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The time-dependent location of particles, which represent krill individuals, is determined by random diffusion, foraging activity, and movement induced by the presence of neighbours. Foraging activity is based on prescribed food conditions and is such that krill swim slower and turn more frequently in areas of high food concentration. The presence or absence of neighbours either disperses krill, if the local concentrations become too dense, or coalesces krill, if concentrations become too dilute, respectively. Predation on krill is included and affects swarm characteristics by removing individuals. Sensitivity studies indicate that the rate of krill swarm formation and the total number of swarms formed are determined primarily by foraging response and nearest neighbour sensing distance. Simulations using food distributions that are representative of those encountered at boundaries, such as fronts, mesoscale eddies, or the sea ice edge, show that foraging activity can produce rapid swarm formation. Results from other krill swarm models show that attraction between individuals is the primary mechanism producing krill swarms. However, the parameterizations for krill interactions used in those models and that used in this model differ, thereby implying different biological dynamics. Thus, parameterization of the basic interactions in krill swarm models remains to be defined.

Keywords: Antarctic krill, Krill swarms, Lagrangian models


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