© 2000 by ICES/CIEM International Council for the Exploration of the Sea/Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer
The impacts of fishing on marine birds
Joint Nature Conservation Committee Dunnet House, 7 Thistle Place, Aberdeen AB10 1UZ, Scotland
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
BirdLife International Seabird Conservation Programme, Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Institut für Meereskunde Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Biopsychology Programme, Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
CSIRO Division of Marine Research PO Box 120, Cleveland, Queensland 4163, Australia
[tel: +44 1224 655701; fax: +44 1224 621488; e-mail: tasker_m{at}jncc.gov.uk]
Birds are the most conspicuous, wide-ranging, and easily studied organisms in the marine environment. They can be both predators and scavengers, and they can be harmed by and can benefit from fishing activities. The effects of fishing on birds may be direct or indirect. Most direct effects involve killing by fishing gear, although on a lesser scale some fishing activities also disturb birds. Net fisheries and hook fisheries have both had serious negative effects at the population level. Currently, a major negative impact comes from the by-catch of albatrosses and petrels in long-lines in the North Pacific and in the Southern Ocean. High seas drift nets have had, prior to the banning of their use, a considerable impact on seabirds in the northern Pacific, as have gillnets in south-west Greenland, eastern Canada, and elsewhere. Indirect effects mostly work through the alteration in food supplies. Many activities increase the food supply by providing large quantities of discarded fish and wastes, particularly those from large, demersal species that are inaccessible to seabirds, from fishing vessels to scavengers. Also, fishing has changed the structure of marine communities. Fishing activities have led to depletion of some fish species fed upon by seabirds, but may also lead to an increase in small fish prey by reducing numbers of larger fish that may compete with birds. Both direct and indirect effects are likely to have operated at the global population level on some species. Proving the scale of fisheries effects can be difficult because of confounding and interacting combinations with other anthropogenic effects (pollution, hunting, disturbance) and oceanographic factors. Effects of aquaculture have not been included in the review.
Keywords: by-catch, discards, fishing, indirect effects, mortality, seabirds
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